from the 16th century
The Baltic Branch
Settled along the Baltic coast, the senior line held merchant houses in the Hanseatic sphere before entering imperial service.
Over generations the family divided into distinct branches, each associated with a region and a particular chapter of the family's history.
Settled along the Baltic coast, the senior line held merchant houses in the Hanseatic sphere before entering imperial service.
Departed for Sweden under royal appointment, holding estates in Uppland and offices at the court of Stockholm.
Entered imperial service after the Treaty of Nystad; elevated to baronial rank and settled about St. Petersburg.
Formed after 1917 by descendants who settled in Paris, Berlin, and later New York, preserving the family archives abroad.